Abstract Technology is playing a transformative role in primary education, particularly in achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) as envisioned in NEP 2020 and NIPUN Bharat. Digital innovations such as e-learning platforms, smart classrooms, gamification, artificial intelligence (AI), and adaptive learning models are enhancing reading, writing, and arithmetic skills among young learners in an engaging manner. Maharashtra has pioneered several initiatives, including DIKSHA, E-Balbharati, AI-powered assessment systems, and hybrid learning models, which contribute to enhancing foundational learning. Despite progress, infrastructure limitations, lack of teacher training, and the rural-urban digital divide remain significant barriers to achieving digital equity in education. The State Curriculum Frameworks (SCF FS and SCF SE) provide a guideline-based roadmap for integrating digital pedagogy into primary education, although they are yet to be fully implemented. Additionally, public-private partnerships (PPPs) have played a crucial role in bridging learning gaps, with NGOs such as Pratham Education Foundation, Akanksha Foundation, and Teach for India supporting teacher training, digital resources, and interactive learning programs. This research paper examines the role of technology in primary education, the impact of NEP 2020 and NIPUN Bharat, the challenges of digital learning in Maharashtra, and strategies for future improvements. By analyzing government policies, NGO contributions, and case studies, the study identifies key strategies for expanding digital infrastructure, improving teacher training, and ensuring equitable access to technology. Collaboration between the government, EdTech companies, and NGOs is essential to fulfilling NEP 2020's vision of high-quality foundational education for all children. Introduction Background of Technology in Primary Education Primary education forms the foundation for a child's cognitive, linguistic, and numeracy development. The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 and the NIPUN Bharat Mission aim to ensure that children in Grades 1–3 attain Foundational Literacy and Numeracy (FLN) by 2026–27. Technology is an essential driver in achieving these objectives through: E-learning platforms that support literacy and numeracy enhancement. AI-based adaptive learning models tailored to student needs. Gamification and interactive storytelling for language comprehension. Blended learning models combining digital and classroom instruction. Maharashtra has made significant strides in digital education implementation, integrating initiatives such as DIKSHA, E-Balbharati, AI-powered learning analytics, and public-private collaborations. Additionally, the State Curriculum Framework (SCF) FS and SCF SE provide future-ready guidelines for integrating digital tools into primary education, although they are yet to be formally implemented. Objectives of the Research This research paper aims to: Analyze how technology enhances foundational literacy, writing, and numeracy skills in primary education. Evaluate the impact of NEP 2020 and NIPUN Bharat in promoting digital learning. Identify key challenges in digital education adoption across Maharashtra. Recommend strategies for effective digital learning implementation. Technological Innovations in Maharashtra's Primary Education Smart Classrooms and Digital Learning Infrastructure Smart classrooms have modernized traditional teaching by integrating: Interactive whiteboards for visual learning. AI-assisted lessons that personalize student engagement. Multimedia content for improved comprehension. Key Digital Learning Initiatives in Maharashtra: Mumbai's Digital School Project: Smart classrooms equipped with AI-based assessments and personalized learning tools. Digital libraries supporting multilingual education and foundational literacy programs. E-Learning Platforms and Adaptive Learning Models E-learning platforms promote self-paced and competency-based learning, particularly for FLN development. Key Digital Platforms: Provides interactive e-books, teacher training modules, and competency-based assessments. E-Balbharati: Offers curriculum-aligned digital textbooks in multiple languages. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Gamified Learning AI-driven learning enhances reading, writing, and numeracy by: Tracking student performance and providing real-time feedback. Offering personalized, adaptive learning paths. Using gamified quizzes to reinforce foundational concepts. Role of NGOs and Public-Private Partnerships in Digital Education Key NGOs Supporting Digital Education in Maharashtra Pratham Education Foundation Implements digital literacy programs and FLN-based learning solutions. Trains educators in technology-integrated teaching. Akanksha Foundation Runs hybrid learning programs for low-income schools. Provides digital tablets and learning resources. Teach for India Develops EdTech solutions for primary school teachers. Implements game-based literacy and numeracy programs. Room to Read Establishes digital reading centers in rural Maharashtra. Supports mother-tongue-based literacy development. Challenges in Implementing Technology in Primary Education Digital Divide and Accessibility Issues Lack of technology infrastructure in rural schools. High cost of digital devices limits accessibility for underprivileged students. Teacher Training and Digital Literacy Gaps Need for structured training programs for digital pedagogy. Limited digital literacy among primary school teachers. Recommendations for Strengthening Digital Learning Expanding Digital Infrastructure Increase broadband access in rural schools. Provide subsidized digital devices to economically weaker students. Enhancing Teacher Training and Support Systems Integrate digital literacy training into teacher education programs. Encourage schools to use AI-driven learning analytics for personalized instruction. Conclusion Maharashtra has made significant strides in integrating technology into primary education, supporting NEP 2020's vision for foundational literacy and numeracy development. However, infrastructure gaps, teacher training limitations, and digital accessibility issues must be addressed. Expanding public-private partnerships, improving EdTech accessibility, and strengthening teacher training programs are crucial for ensuring equitable and effective digital learning. References Government of India. National Education Policy 2020. Ministry of Education, 2020. Ministry of Education. NIPUN Bharat: Guidelines for Implementation. 2021. SCERT Maharashtra. State Curriculum Framework (SCF) 2024. Government of Maharashtra, 2024. UNICEF & Language and Learning Foundation. Manual for Early Language and Literacy. UNICEF, 2019. Azim Premji University. Issues in Education, Teachers, and Teacher Education. 2021. National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT). Learning Outcomes at the Elementary Stage. 2017. Ministry of Education. Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA). 2021. Vidya Bharati. Digital Learning and Traditional Teaching Methods: A Comparative Study. 2022. Ministry of Education. National Achievement Survey 2021: Insights and Recommendations. 2022. García, J. L., Heckman, J. J., Leaf, D. E., & Prados, M. J. The Life-cycle Benefits of an Influential Early Childhood Program. National Bureau of Economic Research, 2016.